Almanac Cossacks №94

Content

Abstracts

Grigorieva E.I.
Grigoryev I.N.
Zubkova E.N.

Students as co-creators of the university's international educational space

This article explores the modern paradigm of transforming the student's role in the international educational space: from passive participant in academic events to active co-creator of educational content. Using examples from the Moscow State Institute of Culture, Moscow City Pedagogical University, and the Russian Social University, this article analyzes key models and tools for engaging students in the creation of educational materials, the development of digital solutions, and the organization of international scientific initiatives. It demonstrates how student engagement in project-based, research, and cultural and educational activities creates a new quality of international educational environment, fostering the development of professional competencies, cross-cultural communication, and global scientific dialogue.
Key words: co-creation, international educational environment, educational content, project-based activities, digital pedagogy, cross-cultural communication.

Borovitskaya Yu.V.
Vlasyuk I.V.

Sociocultural values as the basis of educational work with students

Educational work with students at the university should be based on those conceptual principles that contribute to the harmonious development of the individual, the formation of professional competence, and effective functioning in society.
In the study, the authors identify sociocultural priorities and ideas that influence the integration of personal and professional values, the formation of a civic stance, and socially useful activities. The system of sociocultural values is considered not only as a scientific construct but also as a practical tool for the development of the individual and the citizen.
Traditional spiritual and moral values, which are enshrined in regulatory legal acts and reflected in pedagogical science and practice, must be considered as the foundation for organizing educational and upbringing activities at the university. At the same time, attention must be paid to improving students’ personal qualities, forming a holistic view of the world, and developing the ability to express one’s opinion in a reasoned manner.
Key words: spiritual and moral upbringing, sociocultural values, civic stance, personality development, professional competence, pedagogical practice, value guidelines, upbringing work, educational outcome.

Lukashenko D.V.

Integration of artificial intelligence into the educational process of higher education: pedagogical aspects, challenges and strategies for sustainable development

The article examines the integration of artificial intelligence technologies into the higher education process as a factor in transforming pedagogical practice. Based on a systematic analysis of scientific publications, reports from international organizations, and empirical data, the mechanisms of personalized learning, automation of routine operations, and the formation of digital competencies are identified. The interrelations between technological innovations, ethical risks, digital inequality, and the need for professional development of teachers are discussed. The results of the analysis confirm the potential of AI to increase the efficiency of education provided that a balance with humanistic principles is maintained. Approaches to the development of pedagogical models ensuring sustainable integration of artificial intelligence are proposed.
Key words: artificial intelligence in education, critical thinking, digital transformation, personalized learning, cognitive risks, pedagogical design.

Shchuplenkov N.O.

The introduction of artificial intelligence into the education system: a comparative study of digital inequality

This article analyzes the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) into the Russian education system, focusing on inequalities in access, connectivity, technical support, and perception across different types of funding, levels of education, forms, and geographic regions. In recent decades, there has been a rapid development of artificial intelligence technologies, which leads to their penetration into various spheres of human activity, including the education system. However, the introduction of AI into educational processes is accompanied by a number of complex and multifaceted problems, one of which is digital inequality. This article presents a comparative analysis of the impact of AI integration on educational systems, with an emphasis on the problem of digital inequality. The methodology was descriptive, qualitative, and non-experimentally universal in nature. The sample involved 383 students and 77 teachers of the Pedagogical Institute in Yessentuki in order to determine the availability of devices, the stability of Internet connection, learning and trust in AI. The most significant results show that budget-type institutions located in rural areas have significant limitations in technology and connectivity, while private institutions located in urban areas show better conditions. Similarly, there is insufficient artificial intelligence training in government institutions, which negatively affects the effective use of digital tools. Despite these limitations, there is a perception of a mostly positive assessment of the usefulness and contribution of AI to learning. These results indicate that the digital economy is a factor determining equal technological inclusion in the Russian education system. The integration of artificial intelligence into educational systems is a promising area that can significantly improve the quality and accessibility of education. However, in order to successfully realize this potential, it is necessary to take into account and overcome the problems of digital inequality. Solving these problems requires an integrated approach, including the development of digital competencies, ensuring equal access to educational technologies, and the development of AI algorithms that minimize bias and discrimination. Only in this case, the integration of AI can become a truly effective tool for improving educational processes and reducing the digital divide.
Key words: Neural network, face-to-face training, modern education, technical support, digital divide.

Tikhonov-Bugrov D.E.
Rakitskaya M.V.

The department of engineering graphics as a link in the ternary model of specialist training

The article examines the features of the ternary model of educational organization. Its advantages in ensuring early specialization of graduates through a practice-oriented format are highlighted. The functions of the department as a crucial link in this model are identified. These include: the development of specific educational programs; the involvement of schoolchildren and students in research at an early stage of interaction with the department; the engagement of practitioners in teaching; the development of mentorship; the organization of Olympiads, competitions, and masterclasses; and participation in the establishment of engineering classes and schools. Statistical data related to the long-term experience of training under the ternary model at the Department of Engineering Graphics of BSTU "VOENMEH" within the framework of the "Wings of Rostec" program are provided, which convincingly demonstrate the merits of the chosen model. The authors express concern regarding the potential loss of the humanitarian and fundamental components of the educational process, which suffer from the transition to a competence-based model of education. In this regard, a corporate code of training within the "Wings of Rostec" program is proposed, based on the ideas of D.S. Likhachev and Yu.M. Lotman.
Key words: dual model, ternary model, engineering graphics, humanitarian component of education, artificial intelligence. 

Kuznetsov M.A.

The relationship between Internet additive behavior and aggression and hostility in adolescence

This article examines the transformation of students' behavioral patterns under the influence of uncontrolled digital activity. Based on empirical data (n=65), the relationship between adolescent internet addiction and destructive personality traits– aggression and hostility– is analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the devaluation of the "guilt" scale as a key internal behavior regulator. It is demonstrated that deep digital immersion triggers emotional desensitization, blurring the boundaries of internalized control. The author substantiates the need to modernize school prevention programs and shift from repressive pedagogical measures to strategies for developing emotional-volitional resilience. 
Key words: Internet addiction, adolescents, deviant behavior, aggressiveness index, guilt, digital socialization, pedagogical prevention.

Kulesh E.V.

Public diplomacy and the educator’s value orientations in a cross-cultural educational environment

The article examines public diplomacy as a resource for intercultural competence in education. It substantiates a cluster approach that integrates various educational institutions, where public diplomacy serves as a tool for fostering empathy, trust, and dialogue within the multicultural environment of the Khabarovsk Territory. Special attention is paid to the educator's personal value orientations as an internal foundation for their readiness to adopt a diplomatic stance. The results of an empirical study on the motivational-value component of intercultural competence among educators and students are presented.
Key words: рublic diplomacy, intercultural competence, cluster approach, teacher’s value orientations, teacher-mediator, dialogue of cultures.

Kyuregina A.V.

The connection of local history and natural-science themes with is-sues of moral development of children and youth in Russian pre-revolutionary pedagogy

The actuality of the research is explained by the fact that in the conditions of globalization and new technologies development, of knowledge increase about people and the environment the problem of ethical imperatives formation among youth, of nature-conformity principle application and of taking into account local realties in the educational process rises. For this reason researching approaches to solving the pedagogic problems mentioned in the period forerunning the era of radical changes and expressed utilitarian attitude towards nature in the XX century is of interest. The tasks of the current work are to analyze positions of leading pre-revolutionary educators concerning natural science and moral values; to research ideas connected with expanding the content of natural science and local history education during that period and with including issues of moral attitude towards living nature into it; to determine the position and degree of diversity of themes concerning the humanization of attitude towards the surrounding world in pre-revolutionary pedagogy. Such methods of research as synthesis, literature analysis, abstraction, comparison, induction, deduction are used. It is determined that scholars of the XVIII-XIX centuries pointed out dangers coming from vulgarized opposing of natural science and spiritual paradigms. It is revealed that in the XIX-early XX centuries some educators insisted on reviewing standard practices of animal treatment, setting the connection between natural science, local history, humanism towards animals. It is found out that the examination of issues concerning the transformation of views on surrounding world took place rather in enlightenment than in educational and methodical literature, while comprehensive approach enabling to connect the sources of particular problems with anthropocentric worldview had limited application. This fact complicated the change of world outlook paradigm. 
Key words: interscientific knowledge about nature, issues of local history, moral values, scientific worldview, vector of research development, humane attitude towards animals, excursions into nature, dehumanization of personality.

Lebedeva A.A.

Russia discovers Micronesia

The article is devoted to the region of Micronesia, which is remote from Russia and, in general, is poorly studied in Russian historical science. This is one of the three historical and ethnographic regions of Oceania, characterized by the small size of its constituent islands. Paradoxically, the discovery of Oceania by Europeans began with Micronesia: in 1521, Magellan, while crossing the Pacific Ocean, actually "stumbled upon" the island of Guam, one of the main islands in the Mariana Islands archipelago. We have paid some attention to the history of the problem of the settlement of Micronesia, which, in our opinion, has not yet been fully resolved, as well as the discovery and exploration of the region by Europeans. The focus of our work is on the Russian discoveries in Micronesia, which are primarily associated with the names of two great explorers: Otto von Kotzebue and Ferdinand von Littke. The round-the-world voyages of Russian sailors in the first quarter of the 19th century were primarily aimed at exploration rather than conquest. The contributions of these expeditions to various fields of scientific knowledge about the region cannot be overstated. In particular, ethnographic materials – texts, drawings, and collections of household items – remain a valuable source for studying the culture of the islanders to this day, and they are in demand not only in Russia but also around the world.
Key words: O.E. Kotzebue, F.P. Litke, aggressive goals, islander culture, expedition.

Myuzhgan Vural

The general Mongol peace of 1304 and its impact on Trans-Eurasian trade

This work examines from an academic point of view the political, economic and logistical aspects of the Universal Mongol Peace of 1304 (Pax Mongolica), which put an end to the devastating internecine wars that broke out after the death of Genghis Khan. This agreement, reached by common consent of the rulers of the Chagatai, Yuan, Golden Horde and Ilkhanate khanates, derived its legitimacy from faith in Eternal Heaven and the Law of Genghis Khan.; The main goal was the restoration of the interrupted imperial postal system and the reopening of trans-Eurasian trade routes for caravans. Thanks to the stability brought by the world, the Caucasus-Derbent corridor, which had been considered dangerous for decades, has become safe, and the Tabriz-Keftana route has become an international trade center. Tabriz, the capital of the Ilkhanids, served as a giant warehouse where goods coming from the east were accumulated; Italian (Genoese and Venetian) merchants transported goods such as silk, spices, and slaves to Europe via the Black Sea. The state-supported Mongolian Partnership System (ortog), low customs duties and diplomatic access documents (paisa) have brought this unprecedented trade integration to its peak. However, this peace was a fragile and superficial truce, far from satisfying the needs of the nomadic khanates in the surrounding territories (the winter pastures of Mugan and Arran) and their desire to control trade routes. Indeed, the devastating military campaigns undertaken by Uzbek Khan, who ascended to the throne of the Golden Horde, in 1319, 1325 and 1335 against Azerbaijan, completely destroyed the created ecosystem of the world. Ultimately, this age-old geopolitical rivalry in the border territories, having exhausted the institutional energy of both states, paved the way for the actual collapse of the Ilkhanids in 1335 and the entry of the Golden Horde into a period of deep decline.
Key words: 1304, General Mongol Peace, trans-Asian trade, rivalry between the Ilkhanate and the Golden Horde.

Danilov V.A.
Panova A.A.

The nationalist movements of Northern Ireland in British historiography

This article presents a comparative analysis of diverse interpretations of nationalist movements in Northern Ireland through the lens of British and Northern Irish historiography. The study focuses on identifying key similarities and differences in approaches to illuminating pivotal events, documents, and figures. Furthermore, this analysis demonstrates the influence of the political, social, cultural, and historical contexts within which British and Northern Irish perspectives on Northern Ireland’s nationalist movements were formed. The analysis benefits from a wide range of sources, encompassing both British and Northern Irish historiographies, allowing a deeper exploration of various scholars' ideological perspectives. The article examines such strands of British historiography as the Conservative and Liberal schools. The Conservative school, represented by historians such as R. Edwards, P. Bew, and P. Mercer, interprets Northern Irish nationalist movements as a threat to sovereignty and national security. However, Liberal historians, such as D. Smith and J. Whyte, strive for peaceful resolutions through compromise, pointing out that human rights are not observed by either British or Irish. In contrast, within Northern Irish historiography, the author identifies the Republican and Revisionist schools. Republicans, which are represented by T. Coogan, D. Macardle, and G. Adams, see nationalist movements in Northern Ireland as nothing short of a struggle for independence. Simultaneously, Revisionists, represented by K. Brady, F.S. Lyons, and P. Hart, seek to analyse these movements and their origins, considering various aspects. Among other aspects, the study considers how differently these schools interpret the causes and consequences of key events in Northern Ireland, for example, the events of Operation Demetrius, "Bloody Sunday" and the 1981 Hunger Strikes, and. Moreover, more attention is paid to the Irish Republican Army (IRA). In British historiography, the IRA is interpreted only as a terrorist organisation, Northern Irish sources have a less critical assessment, viewing it as a crucial element in the struggle for independence. This research enables the identification of significant differences in explaining the role of violence, the causes of the conflict, as well as each school's relationship to nationalist movements in Northern Ireland. Furthermore, some representatives of different schools were participants of the conflict, which also influenced the historical vision of the events.
Key words: historiography, Great Britain, Northern Ireland, nationalism, IRA, nationalistic movements, violence.

Savchenko A.A.

Turkey's asymmetric institutional leadership in relations with the Turkic-Speaking CIS states in 2009–2026

This article examines Turkey’s organizational advantages within the Organization of Turkic States (OTS) and the limits to converting them into the capacity to steer multilateral cooperation. Covering 2009–2026, the analysis focuses on institution-building, sectoral agenda-setting, the incorporation of national initiatives into OTS documents, and the implementation of agreed decisions. Using process tracing, structured focused comparison, and qualitative analysis of official documents, the study compares Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. Turkey’s advantage is found to be strongest in institution-building, diplomatic facilitation, and agenda continuity, while sectoral initiatives also originate independently from other member states. Analysis of the Turkic Investment Fund, the digital economy agreement, and the e-Permit system demonstrates that implementation depends on national ratification, financing, and administrative and technical capacity. This configuration is conceptualized as asymmetric institutional leadership, distinguished from hegemony by the absence of control over implementation and from evenly distributed coordination by Turkey’s persistent organizational advantage.
Key words: Turkey, Turkic-speaking space of the CIS, Organization of Turkic States, regional leadership, institutionalization of cooperation, asymmetric institutional leadership, Central Asia, Turkish foreign policy, transport connectivity, multilateral coordination.

Sossou Arnau

Features of cooperation between Benin and China in the field of education

The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the features of educational cooperation between the Republic of Benin and the People's Republic of China, which is analyzed as a strategic element of long-term human capital development. The author traces the evolution of Sino-African educational exchanges from the middle of the 20th century to the present day, highlighting the key role of the China-Africa Cooperation Forum (FOCAC) in institutionalizing partnership. Based on statistical data, a significant increase in the number of Beninese students in Chinese universities is demonstrated, as well as the expansion of forms of interaction from government scholarships to joint professional projects in Benin. Special attention is paid to innovative formats of cooperation, in particular the creation of Luban workshops, where Chinese technologies are adapted to local conditions through hybrid educational methods. A separate aspect is the digitalization of exchanges and the phenomenon of "educational migration", which is changing the structure of the Beninese diaspora: unlike previous flows to former metropolises, modern graduates of Chinese universities are more likely to return to their homeland with a focus on the practical application of their knowledge. The role of Confucius Institutes is considered as a tool of "soft power", while both opening prospects (access to economic opportunities) and critical assessments (risks of cultural dominance and employment) are noted. In conclusion, it is concluded that the Beninese-Chinese educational cooperation is a multi-level, pragmatic and perspective-oriented partnership that goes beyond the classical "donor-recipient" model and is based on the principles of mutual adaptation and mutual benefit.
Key words: Benin, China, educational cooperation, FOCAC, Luban workshops, Confucius Institute, personnel training, South-South partnership, human capital, soft power.

Tereshkovets M.A.
Galiullin M.Z.
Kadyrov R.R.

Transforming global value Chains: an analysis of industrial policy vulnerabilities in China and the United States

On August 23, 2019, US President Donald Trump called on American companies to relocate their production from China. This has shaped the current economic risk management policy in the context of the US-China standoff, which "in its scope is unprecedented in the history of international trade, at least since the inception of the WTO".
This article examines the evolution of US strategic policy from the concept of "decoupling" to the doctrine of "de-risking." It emphasizes that the initial drama of the conflict was exacerbated by "the Trump administration's unclear objectives in its confrontation with China and the inconsistency of Washington's individual steps," which highlights the need to conceptually reconstruct US strategy at this stage.
The study focuses on a bilateral analysis of the key threats posed by the forced relocation of global supply chains for both the United States and the People's Republic of China. For the American side, six risk clusters have been identified: structural inflationary pressures, increasing public debt, the effect of induced "Dutch disease," loss of global competitiveness in non-strategic sectors, vulnerability of new production in the absence of a subcontracting ecosystem, and the risk of escalating conflict with China. For China, the threats identified include a crisis of overproduction, a decline in its share of global trade, accelerating technological lag, the blocking of high-tech sectors in foreign markets, rising regional unemployment, and the disruption of long-term strategic development programs.
Key words: international relations, transformation, US-China relations, risk reduction, production, relocalization, economic security, and trade wars.

Chatzitheodoridis Eleftherios

The Greek economy in the post-war period: recovery and the intensification of external economic dependence

This article examines the post-war economic development of Greece. During World War II, the Nazi occupation of Greece inflicted immense damage on the national economy. It is noted that the recovery-driven growth was unstable and exacerbated by structural imbalances, as well as the Greek economy's heavy reliance on international trade, foreign investment, and financial and economic aid. These factors contributed to Greece’s decision to join the US-led Marshall Plan and the Western NATO bloc during the Cold War. This situation had an impact on trade and economic relations between the USSR and Greece.
Key words: Greece, economic history, USSR, Cold War, foreign economic relations, industrial production, national income.

Jin Weizhou

A study of Tatar identity in China from an anthropological perspective

This paper takes the Tatars in Xinjiang, China as the research object, and uses the questionnaire method to investigate their language, ethnic identity, religion, customs, etc. And the field survey method is used to visit three areas where the Tatars live in China for field investigation. Through the anthropological perspective, the above data are analyzed and studied, and then it is concluded that the national identity of the Chinese Tatars is affected by many factors such as time, space, region, culture, policy, and family.
Key words: Chinese Tatars, national identity, anthropological perspective.

Borisochkin S.B.

Financial support for the daily lives of British military personnel in the Soviet Arctic (1941–1942)

This article examines the financial support for the daily lives of British military personnel in the Soviet Arctic in 1941–1942, based on documents from the Financial Directorate of the People's Commissariat of the USSR Navy, the Northern Fleet, and the White Sea Flotilla. It examines the formation of a system of material supplies for British naval missions, ships, and air units, as well as the development of a mechanism for financial settlements between the allies. Using archival materials, the article analyzes the volume and structure of expenditures on food, utilities, and other support for British personnel, and identifies the dynamics of expenditures for the Northern Fleet and the White Sea Flotilla. The study demonstrates that the creation of a sustainable supply mechanism became a prerequisite for the functioning of Soviet-British naval cooperation during the most difficult period of the Great Patriotic War.
Key words: Soviet-British cooperation, Soviet Arctic, British military personnel, everyday life, material support, financial support, Northern Fleet, White Sea Military Flotilla, People's Commissariat of the Navy, Arctic convoys, Great Patriotic War.

Vlasov I.A.

Russian-Polish relations during the seven-year war under Elizabeth Petrovna

The paper reveals the features of Russian-Polish relations during the Seven-Year War. The reign of Elizabeth Petrovna reflected the empress's views on the development of the state and the priority directions of foreign policy towards individual countries. Given that the Seven Years' War involved European countries that represented two opposing "camps," Russia expressed its interests in colonial rivalry by becoming an ally of Austria, France, and several German states. Undoubtedly, participation in such a war had a significant impact on the development of relations with certain European countries, including Poland. The Russian state's foreign policy activities reflected the need to expand its influence in Europe and improve maritime communications.
During the Seven Years' War (1756-1763), under the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna, Russian-Polish relations were related to several aspects: Russia's participation in the war, diplomatic efforts to protect the rights of Orthodox Christians in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and geopolitical interests in the region. 
Key words: Russian-Polish relations, Seven Years' War, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Elizabeth Petrovna, foreign policy, increased influence, colonial rivalry.

Gabuyev A.K.

Alans and huns in the context of ethnopolitical relations (according to written sources) 

For more than a thousand years, starting from the Xiongnu era, the Alans were strongly influenced by various Turkic-speaking peoples, in turn, playing a significant role in the political history and ethnocultural genesis of the latter. In the Xiongnu era, the Alans were included in all the most significant historical events that took place in Eastern Europe and Western Asia during that period. This is especially noticeable in the example of the early medieval history of the North Caucasus, a region in which the Alans represented an important ethnic component. In some publications, one can find a version according to which after the Xiongnu invasion, in the second half of the fourth century, the Alans were partly carried away by the Huns to the West, and partly were pushed back to the mountains of the North Caucasus. However, written sources say nothing about any large-scale migration of the Alans to mountainous areas. The North Caucasus region, including its foothills and mountainous parts, was settled by the Alans back in the pre-Hunnic era. The beginning of the formation of new ethnic communities is associated with the era of migration of the Xiongnu tribes from the Volga region and the "acquisition of a new homeland" in the Caucasus. 
Key words: Alans, Huns, Khionites, Savirs, Avars, North Caucasus, nomadic peoples, nomadic history.

Gubaydullin R.R.

The origin of the FARC and the first manifestation of left-wing radical activity

The article examines the genesis and early stage of the formation of the left-wing radical organization "Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – People's Army" (FARC). The author argues that the actual starting point of the movement was not the official proclamation of the organization in 1966, but the tragic events of April 9, 1948 (Bogotazo), which triggered a prolonged period of civil violence (La Violencia). The study analyzes the role of the assassination of populist leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, the persecution of his supporters, mass repression by the conservative government, and the subsequent flight of peasants to remote areas, where they formed self-defense units under the influence of the Communist Party of Colombia. Special attention is paid to the activities of future FARC leaders – Manuel Marulanda and Jacobo Arenas, their tactics of "non-contact warfare" using propaganda materials, as well as the government's failed military operation "Marquetalia" (1964), which, contrary to official expectations, contributed to the consolidation and growing popularity of the guerrilla movement. In conclusion, the author highlights the key stages of the FARC's emergence, their ideological platform (agrarian program), and the consequences of state violence as a factor in the radicalization of the opposition.
Key words: FARC, Colombia, Bogotazo, La Violencia, Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, Manuel Marulanda, Jacobo Arenas, Marquetalia, guerrilla movement, left-wing radical opposition, agrarian reform.

Dmitrenko V.I.
Ryabova M.M.

Sun Yat-sen's three principles: from revolutionary doctrine to modern political practice in China

The article investigates the evolution of the political legacy of Sun Yat-sen and his doctrine of the “Three People’s Principles” in the context of modern political processes in China and Taiwan. In the PRC, the attitude towards the legacy of Sun Yat-sen underwent transformation: from criticism during the Maoist period to partial rehabilitation and integration into the concept of “socialism with Chinese characteristics”. In Taiwan, the doctrine served to legitimize the authoritarian regime of the Kuomintang, but underwent democratic changes during reforms. In the discourse of the CCP, attempts to synthesize “socialism with Chinese characteristics” and elements of Sun Yat-sen’s legacy are traced. The thinker’s legacy remains a significant factor in political discussions in both the PRC and Taiwan, revealing ideological contradictions between the regions but also pointing to a potential basis for dialogue within the framework of the common historical destiny of Chinese civilization.
Key words: Sun Yat-sen, Three Principles of the People, People's Republic of China, Taiwan, Kuomintang, Maoism, socialism with Chinese characteristics.

Elistratova M.A.

Russian-American confrontation and the resilience of international regimes in the Arctic, 2022-2026

This article examines the differentiated resilience of international regimes in the Arctic under the conditions of Russian-American confrontation in 2022-2026. It compares the Arctic Council, the regime for preventing unregulated high seas fisheries in the central Arctic Ocean, and the regime of international Arctic scientific cooperation. Resilience is assessed at the normative, procedural, and operational levels through comparative institutional analysis and qualitative analysis of official documents. The findings show that confrontation affects the regimes by increasing political control over interaction, restricting exchanges, and raising administrative costs, while differences in outcomes depend on the nature of obligations, procedural autonomy, the strategic sensitivity of information, and the costs of terminating coordination. The Arctic Council preserved its institutional core through functional contraction, the fisheries regime through national implementation of a treaty-based restraint, whereas scientific cooperation retained its normative foundation amid operational fragmentation. The resulting configuration is conceptualized as differentiated resilience, in which the formal persistence of a regime does not necessarily imply its practical operability.
Key words: Russia, USA, Arctic, Russian-American confrontation, international regimes, institutional sustainability, Arctic governance, Arctic Council, international scientific cooperation, regulation of marine fisheries.

Dorosheva E.A.
Erastova N.S.

Deer stones in Kazakhstan: a review of finds and research problems

This article presents an overview of deer stones (DS) found in Kazakhstan. It examines the typological characteristics of the sculptures, their spatial distribution, and the contexts of their interaction with other categories of stone steles (koytases, menhirs). It also examines the main issues related to the cultural attribution of the monuments in the context of the Begazy-Dandybai and Tasmola cultures, as well as burial mounds with "whiskers." It concludes that the question of the cultural attribution of the deer stones remains unresolved. The hypothesis of their genetic connection to the Begazy-Dandybay community currently lacks reliable stratigraphic or material evidence. The Tasmola anthropomorphic sculptures differ significantly from the deer stones. Mounds with "whiskers," in whose structures steles are sometimes found, according to refined data, often date to a later period and are an example of the secondary use of these slabs as building material. Thus, the origin and chronology of the Kazakhstani deer stones requires further field research.
Key words: deer stones, Kazakhstan, Begazy-Dandybay culture, Tasmola culture.

Kosarev G.A.

Approaches to the periodization of Roosevelt's New Deal: qualitative analysis and quantitative measurements

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of methodological approaches to the periodization of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. By examining politico-coalitional dynamics, the evolution of economic policy, shifts in public opinion, and institutional transformations, the author identifies a key turning point in 1937. This watershed separates the "first" and "second" New Deal, marking a transition from a broad coalition that included Southern Democrats to the strengthening of a conservative bloc and an ideological shift towards a Keynesian compensatory state. The study demonstrates that the winding down of the radical reform agenda was caused not only by political confrontation in Congress but also by a profound transformation of public sentiment and the emergence of a new model of cooperative federalism. Based on an interdisciplinary synthesis, the thesis is advanced that the New Deal was a multidimensional process of restructuring the institutional design of the American state.
Key words: periodization, New Deal, Franklin Roosevelt, coalition politics, Southern Democrats, Keynesianism, public opinion, cooperative federalism, liberal presidentialism, Wagner Act.

Kochkonyan G.G.

Historiographical review as a research task: criteria for representativeness and the problem of objectivity in material selection

This article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations of constructing historiography as a distinct research endeavor. It identifies issues concerning the representativeness of the material under study, as well as the problem of objectively selecting sources for the history of science. The dual nature of the historiographic review is analyzed-both as an integral part of any research (as an introduction) and as an independent type of study, which requires a specific methodology. Based on an examination of contemporary research (V.V. Afanasyev, A.A. Pronin, A.V. Trofimov, et al.), it is shown that replacing a formal listing of works with a problem-thematic and critical interpretation of their content constitutes the foundation of historiographic research. It is established that the indicator of representativeness is determined not by the volume of sources, but by the degree to which the selected materials align with the research objective and the theme of the work. To address the problem of subjectivity, the author proposes the idea of a «triple reflection» model (reflection of the researcher-author; reflection of the scientific community; reflection of historiography). The following conclusion is drawn: historiography as a review is not merely a static picture of existing experience in science-it is a form of dialogue and a field of critique that simultaneously shapes the scholar's identity and advances history as a discipline. Special emphasis is placed on the use of quantitative bibliometrics as an additional tool for constructing a map of the scientific field. The materials of this article will be methodologically useful for historians and specialists in other fields of the humanities.
Key words: historiography, historiographical review, representativeness, objectivity of scientific research, scientific tradition, bibliometric analysis, methods of historical research, epistemology of history, relevance, critical analysis.

Ignatenko S.V.

History of military ship repair in the USSR during the great patriotic war in Russian historiography

The article analyzes scientific works devoted to the history of domestic military ship repair during the Great Patriotic War. It is shown that the historiography of these subjects developed unevenly, representing studies in which ship repair was part of broader subjects. It has been established that the scientific literature still lacks a holistic, comprehensive study that combines the organizational structure of ship repair in wartime conditions.
Key words: history of ship repair, Great Patriotic War, historiography, ship repair base.

Ivanov K.S.

Aspects of the working people's daily life in the city of Ishim in 1941-1945

The article reconstructs the elements of the everyday life of workers in the city of Ishim during the Great Patriotic War. Based on unpublished archival documents, the article analyzes the mechanisms of ensuring labor discipline, working conditions, the problems of resource scarcity, and survival strategies in wartime. It shows how the extreme conditions of the war narrowed the focus of everyday life to issues of physical survival and strict adherence to labor discipline. The study of the history of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 in modern Russian historiography is inextricably linked to the anthropological turn and the focus on the "history of everyday life." While the industrial centers of Siberia (Omsk, Novosibirsk, and Tyumen) have been studied in detail, the everyday life of small provincial cities like Ishim has remained on the periphery of academic attention. The purpose of this article is to reconstruct the daily lives of Ishim workers through a microhistorical analysis of archival materials from Ishim's enterprises during the years 1941-1945, which allows us to identify the real, rather than ideologized, mechanisms of the rear society's functioning. The study is based on the theory of the mobilization society, which suggests that the "exaggerated role of the state... using various measures of control, guardianship, trusteeship, coercion, and other regulations, it seeks to solve emerging problems by taking the initiative upon itself" [1]. The source base was compiled from the orders of the Ishim office of motor transport, the Ishim vodka factory, and the minutes of various meetings of the party bodies of Ishim. The transition of the economy to military lines and the mobilization of millions of men to the front led to an acute shortage of personnel, which forced the Soviet state to make the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of June 26, 1940 (on the prohibition of unauthorized departure from enterprises and criminal liability for delays) one of the main tools for retaining workers in production. The strict economy of all types of resources, the discipline and patriotism of the absolute majority of Soviet citizens, and an understanding of the realities of war at all social levels made it possible to provide the front with the most important types of weapons, equipment, and equipment. 
Key words: Great Patriotic War, Ishim city, everyday production, city council, plenum, decision.

Batura A.A.

The crisis of legitimacy in the white movement propaganda in the Yenisei province (1918–1920)

The article analyses the crisis of legitimacy of the White movement in the Yenisei province (1918–1920) through its propaganda activities. Based on regional periodicals (Volya Sibiri, Svobodnaya Sibir, Yeniseiskiy Vestnik), the diary of Ensign P.P. Chashchin, the memoirs of B. Solodovnikov, and the transcript of A.V. Kolchak's interrogation, the author reconstructs a three-level model of delegitimisation of White authority. At the discursive level, propaganda proved incapable of presenting the peasantry with an accessible positive programme. At the behavioural level, sources of personal provenance record mass desertion, the demoralisation of the army, and the alienation of the population. At the institutional level, legal mechanisms were replaced by terror sanctioned by the supreme authority. During his interrogation, the Supreme Ruler admitted the same systemic vices that his political opponents and ordinary participants in the events had noted. The article concludes that the legitimacy of White authority in the Yenisei province was destroyed not by Bolshevik counter-propaganda, but by the internal inadequacy of the White project itself – from the newspaper page to orders mandating the wholesale annihilation of villages.
Key words: White movement, legitimacy, propaganda, Yenisei province, Civil War in Siberia, A.V. Kolchak, periodical press, white terror.

Gaisin E.M.
Vinogradova N.V.
Gaisina D.A.
Stepanov G.I.
Gaisin S.E.

History of the artificial climate method: the development and prospects of phytotrons

The article provides a historical overview of the development of phytotron systems – from simple greenhouses of the 17th–19th centuries to modern cyber physical systems with artificial intelligence. It shows how the evolution of technical solutions (glazing, Ward’s “box”, growing houses, electric lighting, PID controllers, LEDs) progressively overcame the limitations of passive microclimate, ensuring the reproducibility of experiments and precise control of temperature, humidity, and light spectrum. Special attention is paid to the contribution of F. Venta (the first phytotron, 1949) and the Soviet school of spectral physiology. Modern trends are considered: digital twins, the Internet of Things, speedbreeding, machine vision for phenotyping, and controlled plant metabolism. The conclusion is drawn that the phytotron has transformed from an auxiliary instrument into a strategic tool for managing natural processes to address food security and import substitution issues.
Key words: growth chamber, climate chamber, phytotron, LED lights, digital twins, plant phenotyping, speedbreeding.

Getman D.I.

Formation of sanitary legislation in the Russian Empire: legal aspects in St. Petersburg and Western Siberia in the mid-19th and early 20th centuries

The study reveals the duality of sanitary legislation in the Russian Empire: in St. Petersburg, there was a systemic, expert-oriented model with laboratory control and education, while in Western Siberia, it was formal, situational, and constrained by a lack of infrastructure, personnel, and funding.
Key words: sanitary legislation, urban self-government, sanitary supervision, St. Petersburg, Western Siberia, regional differentiation.

Demidov A.V.

Russian diplomacy in person: Vasily Golitsyn

The article provides a brief overview of the state activities of one of the most prominent Russian diplomats and public officials, Prince Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn. It highlights the milestones of his career and notes his successes and failures. The article also addresses the myths surrounding this remarkable individual.
Key words: Prince, education, civil service, Crimean Tatars, Turks, Ottoman Empire, military reform, tax reform, ruler, Ambassadorial Office, Sweden, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Western culture, Crimea.

Zimakov I.P.

The problem of periodization of foreign intervention and the Civil War in the works of M.N. Pokrovsky

This article presents an analysis of M.N. Pokrovsky's conceptual views on the periodization of Foreign Intervention and the Civil War in Russia. It examines Pokrovsky's views on periodization as a method for presenting historical events and the possibilities of its application, primarily for educational purposes. The external (objective) factors that influenced Pokrovsky in the formation of his own concept of the history of the Civil War are analyzed. Within the framework of the analysis of the substantive part of the periodization, the main focus is on the historian's interpretation of key issues in the history of the Revolution and the Civil War, which are reflected in his "general scheme." The importance of the factor of imperialism in Pokrovsky’s interpretation is emphasized. Emphasis is placed on the influence of M.N. Pokrovsky's ideas and constructions on the development of Soviet historiography on the topic through criticism and debate around them. 
Key words: Mikhail Pokrovsky, historiography, periodization, revolution, civil war, foreign intervention, socialist construction, war communism.

Zinchenko A.V.

Glasnost under the control of the Press Bureau of the Provisional Government of the Northern Region (1918–1920)

This article, for the first time in Russian historiography, provides a comprehensive analysis of the activities of the Press Bureau of the Provisional Government of the Northern Region–the central propaganda and censorship organ of the White state in the Russian North in 1918–1920. Based on archival documents (GARF. F. R 16), periodicals, and memoir sources, the genesis, structure, personnel, publishing activities, and evolution of the Press Bureau under the influence of military censorship and control by foreign interventionists are reconstructed. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the poetic feuilletons of "Mr. Capstan" as a unique source reflecting internal criticism of the regime and the real limits of "glasnost" in the Russian North. It is concluded that the ineffectiveness of White propaganda work in the North was one of the key factors in the military and political defeat of the Northern Region. 
Key words: Civil War in Russia, Northern Region, Supreme Administration of the Northern Region, Provisional Government of the Northern Region, Press Bureau, censorship, propaganda, historical memory, intervention.

Kudryashov D.V.

Soviet energy resources as a factor in the economic stability of the GDR: the oil and gas component of bilateral relations (1964–1985)

This article examines the contribution of Soviet oil and gas supplies to ensuring the socio-economic stability of the GDR and their role organization of bilateral relations between Moscow and East Berlin from 1964 to 1985. The aim is to identify the mechanisms through which Soviet energy resources influenced on the industrial development of socialist Germany, to reconstruct thy dynamics of energy supply, and outlines the system of mutual obligations in the economic cooperation between the two leading countries of the socialist commonwealth – the USSR and the GDR. The methodological framework of the article includes the historical-genetic method and the methods of systems analysis and synthesis. Drawing on the works of russia and foreign scholars (V.P. Karpov, N.Ju. Gavrilova, R. Karlsch, E. Krenz, D. Childs, M. Lavigne, and others), it is concluded that cheap Soviet hydrocarbons provided the material foundation of the GDR, acting as a system-forming factor not only of economic but also of political stability of the ‘SED regime’. The price paid for this was the East German economy’s failing into a ‘resource trap’: while ensuring industrial growth and infrastructure improvement, dependence on imported Soviet raw materials turned into a deep recession already in the second half of the 1980s. Moscow’s renunciation of previous fuel and energy agreements triggered a shift in the foreign policy paradigm, which directly predetermined the degradation and collapse of the GDR’s party-state system at the end of the 1980s. 
The results obtained can be used in academic and applied research on the history of international relations and the history of socialist economic integration, as well as for comparative analysis of the USSR’s energy policy towards other COMECON countries. 
Key words: USSR, GDR, COMECON, Druzhba oil pipeline, energy dependence, oil and gas complex, Cold War.

Kuznetsov M.S.
Marinin O.V.

The image of Mao Zedong in the Moscow and far eastern press of the USSR, 1949–1959

The article examines the formation and dissemination of a positive image of Mao Zedong in the Soviet press from 1949 to 1959. The purpose of the study is to identify the specifics of the textual and visual representation of the Chinese leader as a key ally of the USSR in Moscow and Far Eastern periodicals. The research methodology is based on the principles of imagology, the historical approach, content analysis, and comparative analysis, which allows for a comprehensive study of the construction of “The Other” within political discourse. The novelty lies in the application of a sociocultural area studies approach: the focus on the human factor as the core of a region’s existence helps reveal specific interpretations of the Chinese leader’s personality in different Soviet regions in addition to all-Union trends. The research findings show that during the specified period, a heroic image of Mao as a wise leader, a loyal comrade, and a follower of Marxism-Leninism dominated the press. It has been established that the sociocultural evaluation of China from the perspective of the Soviet Union’s state interests was directly reflected in the portrayal of Mao’s personality. The study concludes that from 1949 and 1959, the image of the Chinese political leader in the Soviet press was deprived of contradictions and, consequently, served as a guarantor of the socialist camp’s stability.
Key words: sociocultural area studies, imagology, image of “The Other”, Soviet-Chinese relations, ideological construction, Soviet periodical press, Mao Zedong, media image, Moscow, Far East.

Mirkin V.V.
Levchenko S.E.

Historical and technical analysis of printing and communication technologies of the Soviet press in 1922–1941

The article is devoted to the historical and technical analysis of the transformation of printing and communication technologies in the Soviet press in 1922–1941. It examines the transition from the technically weakened post-revolutionary system of printing production to a centralized industrial model of mass printing. Special attention is paid to the restoration and modernization of the printing industry in the 1920s and 1930s, the mechanization of typesetting processes, the introduction of rotary printing, and the development of offset technologies and phototelegraph communication. The article analyzes the influence of social and ideological factors on the formation of the technical base of Soviet printing, as well as the role of centralized management, industry science, and the training system. It shows that the modernization of printing was closely linked to the tasks of mass dissemination of information, political mobilization, and cultural construction. The article concludes that by the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the USSR had established a stable printing and communication system capable of producing and distributing printed materials on a large scale.
Key words: Printing technologies, Soviet printing, history of printing, typesetting mechanization, rotary printing, communication systems, production standardization, USSR.

Nuriyev E.E.

P.N. Milyukov's historical views in soviet historiography

The article examines the changing assessments of P.N. Milyukov’s historical views in Soviet historiography from the 1920s to the early 1990s. It analyzes the works of M.N. Pokrovsky, N.L. Rubinstein, V.E. Illeritsky, A.M. Sakharov, R.A. Kireeva, V.P. Korzun, and A.N. Medushevsky. The author demonstrates that the reassessment of Milyukov’s scholarly legacy cannot be reduced to a straightforward transition from rejection to recognition. The decisive development was a gradual shift in emphasis: from the political characterization of his works to an examination of their source base, principles of periodization, classification of scholarly trends, and multifactorial conception of historical development. The article concludes that, through its criticism of Milyukov, Soviet historiography refined its own understanding of historical regularities, scholarly synthesis, and the criteria of objectivity.
Key words: P.N. Milyukov, Soviet historiography, historical conception, multifactorial approach, historical regularities, historiographical analysis.

Sergienko L.M.

Stavropol region's assistance to the front during the great patriotic war (1941-1945)

The article is devoted to the main activities of the residents of the Stavropol Territory during the Great Patriotic War, aimed at providing assistance to the front and wounded soldiers of the Red Army. Based on archival materials, the article reveals a number of aspects of the labor and civic heroism of the Stavropol residents, their efforts aimed at achieving victory over Nazi Germany. The author introduces new archival documents and statistical data into scientific circulation, reflecting all aspects of the Stavropol residents' assistance to the army and the country during the tragic years of the war. The work applies the fundamental methodological principles of historicism and systemic approach, which allowed the study of the designated historical issues in their development, taking into account the specific situation and the main stages of the Great Patriotic War. A detailed examination of the social history of Stavropol Krai was conducted, taking into account the periods when the region was a rear area or occupied, as well as the post-occupation period.
Key words: archival sources, hospital base, labor feat, civic feat, committee for the wounded, labor resources, evacuation, migration, statistical materials, regional history.

Tkachenko I.S.

Development problems of the architecture faculties at the construction engineering institutions of the Russian Far East in 1970-1991

The current study investigates the problems of establishment and functioning of the architectural faculties at the construction engineering institutes of the Russian Far East in 1970-1991. 
Necessity of foundation of the architectural speciality within the construction engineering institutions of the Far East was analyzed based on consideration of the governmental programs issued in 1965-1985 and 1985-1991 and regional building and manpower policy analysis. 
Since 1971, the architectural training programs were founded in Khabarovsk Krai and Primorskii Krai, starting at the Far East Polytechnical Institute (FEPI) and the Khabarovsk Polytechnical Institute (KPI). However, despite all the measures performed, the manpower lack problem in the regional architecture and construction management was not solved. The problem was seriously exacerbated during the “Perestroika” period in 1985-1991. The architectural training particularly at the Khabarovsk Polytechnical Institute was going to be at risk caused by the strong manpower crisis.
Owing to the Government ordinances and the thorough situation analysis the problem has been successfully solved by 1988. 
Decrease of the student admission plans and structural realignment at the construction engineering courses by 1990 led to fusion of the former faculties and foundation of the new educational structures. Foundation of the new architectural faculties by 1990 has led to necessary inflow of the architects into the regional construction industry.
Key words: The Far East, governmental programs, construction industry manpower lack, architectural speciality, the “Perestroika”, capital building, structural changes in education system.

Fatkhutdinova A.I.

Family language and the generational divide: how Bashkir and Tatar languages are (not) transmitted (based on survey data 2014–2024 in the Republic of Bashkortostan)

The article examines family-level mechanisms of intergenerational language transmission for Bashkir and Tatar in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Drawing on three comparable surveys conducted in 2014, 2019, and 2024 (total N=2258), the study identifies two qualitatively distinct transmission modes: ethnic language use remains relatively robust in communication with grandparents (39–58%), but drops sharply in peer and professional interaction (12–22%). A consistent gap is found between stated intentions to pass the language on to children (over 66% of parents) and actual behaviour: fewer than one quarter of respondents use the ethnic language regularly in communication with their child. These findings are interpreted within the framework of compensatory-symbolic bilingualism: language loyalty persists as a normative value without being sustained by communicative practice.
Key words: family language transmission, bilingualism, language practices, Bashkir language, Tatar language, ethnic identity, language shift, Republic of Bashkortostan, multiethnic region, family language policy.

Khronova I.A.
Stepanenko S.G.
Anchekov R.B.
Zaitseva V.A.

Institutional mechanisms of transition from a multi-layered economy during the NEP period: a retrospective analysis and projection on the modern structural reformation of the Russian Federation

In this article re-evaluates the New Economic Policy (NEP) by examining the transformation of institutional structures in the 1920s. The author reconstructs the transition from the mobilization models of "war communism" to multi-sector market mechanisms, focusing on financial recovery through the introduction of the golden chervonets and the attraction of foreign capital. Based on statistical data and comparative analysis, it is argued that systemic crises (the "price scissors") and the subsequent dismantling of the NEP were determined not only by economic factors but also by the rigid ideological constraints of the party leadership. The final part of the article substantiates the relevance of NEP's lessons for the modern structural transformation of the Russian economy, particularly regarding private initiative support and ensuring monetary stability under external isolation.
Key words: New Economic Policy, RSFSR, mixed economy, institutional structure, market mechanisms, government regulation, financial stabilization, monetary policy, gold chervonets, tax in kind, private initiative, foreign concessions, structural transformation, price scissors, economic crises, technological sovereignty, historical experience, Russian Federation.

Tran Thanh Viet 
Duong Khanh Huyen

Historicаl and cultural commentary on cossack realia and the concept of ‘cossack service’ in Mikhail Sholokhov’s novel and quiet flows the don in teaching Vietnamese students

This аrticle develops a theoretically grounded instructional model of historical and cultural commentary for teaching Vietnamese students to read and interpret Mikhail Sholokhov’s novel And Quiet Flows the Don. It examines the сulture-specific items khutor and stanitsa, the Cossack assembly known as the krug, and the historical and social concept of Cossack service. These terms and concepts dо not always have direct equivalents in Vietnamese language and culture. Rеndering them through approximate lexical correspondences may therefore produce an oversimplified or anachronistic understanding of the social relations represented in the novel. Thе proposed model combines essential knowledge of Don Cossack history and culture with independent textual analysis undertaken by third-year students whose proficiency in Russian is at CEFR level B2 or above. The mаterial consists of passages in which the selected realia occur and different aspects of Cossack service are represented. А relatively self-contained narrative episode serves as the unit of analysis. Thе research draws on contextual-semantic, historical and literary, and linguocultural analysis, together with intercultural comparison and instructional design. The аnalysis differentiates between Cossack realia denoting forms of settlement and institutions of communal organisation and the concept of Cossack service, which reflects the relationship between military obligation, the Cossack’s social status, economic activity and family life. Khutоr and stanitsa are considered in terms of both their differences and their interrelationship. Eаch representation of the Cossack assembly is interpreted within the historical and political context of the relevant episode. Cоssack service is examined in relation to the economic capacity of the household, family relations and the actions of individual characters. Eаch instructional commentary identifies a likely interpretative difficulty, explains the contextual meaning of the relevant item, provides the necessary historical and cultural information, and establishes its literary function. It alsо incorporates intercultural comparison, a transfer task requiring students to apply the acquired analytical procedure to another passage, and references to the sources used. Classroom wоrk is organised into pre-reading, while-reading and post-reading stages, includes differentiated instructional support, and is evaluated against predefined criteria. Thе model is designed to develop skills in historical and cultural interpretation as a component of literary reading competence in a foreign language. The results аre theoretical and methodological and require empirical validation through a subsequent classroom-based study.
Key words: M.A. Sholokhov, novel "Quiet Flows the Don", Don Cossacks, Cossack realities, historical and social concept, farmstead, village, Cossack circle, Cossack service, historical and cultural commentary, foreign language literary and reading competence, Vietnamese students.

Shavlokhova E.S.
Kovalenko D.A.
Stoforandova N.V.
Stolbovsky N.S.

Comparative analysis of "anniversary policy": the 50th anniversary of victory (1995) and the 80th anniversary of victory (2025) as a reflection of the evolution of historical policy of the Russian Federation

This article offers a comparative analysis of the practices of commemorating and the historical context of two significant anniversaries of the end of the Great Patriotic War: the 50th (1995) and 80th (2025). Based on the principles of political sociology, this study examines the transformation of the functions, meanings, and rituals of Russia’s main national celebration. It is argued that the transition from the “politics of memory” in the difficult 1990s to the “historical politics” of the 2020s symbolizes a shift from the search for national identity in the post-Soviet space to ideological consolidation and the justification of a “sovereign course” amid geopolitical confrontation with the West. This analysis allows us to predict the future use of the historical past to achieve current political goals. 
Key words: historical politics, politics of memory, commemoration, Victory Day anniversary, national identity, rituals, ideological mobilization.

Shamrina Yu.A.
Abramov D.M.

The Bolshaya Zasechnaya and Belgorod lines in the context of the foreign and domestic policy of the Moscow state in the XVI–XVII centuries

The Bolshaya Zasechnaya Line and the Belgorod Line had a number of similarities and differences, which were determined by the circumstances of their origin, territory and time of construction. But both of them made an invaluable contribution to the development of the Russian state, became important stages of its evolution and significant components of its security, which influenced foreign and domestic policy. The role of the Bolshaya Zasechnaya and Belgorod lines in the system of foreign and domestic policy of the Moscow state in the scientific literature is a white page of Russian history. The scientific novelty and relevance of this study are due to this problem. Both border and defensive lines of Russia contributed to the protection of the civilian population, helped the development of new fertile areas, and reduced overpopulation in the central regions. Nevertheless, their military and strategic importance was predominant. Both of them had an important influence on the foreign policy of the Moscow state, its relations with the Crimean Khanate, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden. 
Key words: Bolshaya zasechnaya line, Belgorod line, Poochye, Wild field, foreign policy.

Ignatenko S.V.

Problems in studying the organization of ship repair in Leningrad during the siege

The article examines the significance of studying ship repair in Leningrad during the Siege as an important yet relatively underdeveloped field within Russian military-historical scholarship. It argues that the activities of the ship repair yards and workshops of the besieged city constituted an essential element in maintaining the combat capability of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet and in ensuring the defense of Leningrad.
Key words: Siege of Leningrad, ship repair, Baltic Fleet, defense industry, ship repair yards, wartime economy.

Authors

Abramov D.M., PhD in Cultural Studies, Associate Professor, Director of the Educational and Scientific Center for Regional History, Local History, and Moscow Studies, Historical and Archival Institute, Russian State University for the Humanities.
Anchekov R.B., First-year student, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin.
Batura A.A., Postgraduate Student, Department of Linguistics, Theory and Practice of Translation Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Krasnoyarsk.
Borisochkin S.B., Postgraduate student at the Department of Russian History of the A.S. Pushkin Leningrad State University, St. Petersburg, scientific consultant to The Northern Convoys Foundation International Center, St. Petersburg. ORCID: 0009-0005-0351-3092
Borovitskaya Yu.V., Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, and Social Work, Volgograd State University.
Chatzitheodoridis Eleftherios, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia.
Danilov V.A., PhD in History, Associate Professor, Department of Theory and History of International Relations, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Demidov A.V., PhD in Political Science, Associate Professor. Moscow Humanitarian and Economic University.
Dmitrenko V.I., 5th-year undergraduate student, Faculty of History. State University of Humanities and Technology.
Dorosheva E.A., PhD in Biology, Associate Professor in the Department of Comparative Psychology, Department of Neuroscience, Senior Research Fellow, Novosibirsk State University, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Novosibirsk.
Duong Khanh Huyen, Master of Arts in Literature, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi.
Elistratova M.A., Independent Researcher. Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia.
Erastova N.S., Bachelor of Science in History, Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo.
Fatkhutdinova A.I., PhD in History, Senior Researcher, Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Gabuyev A.K., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor. North Ossetian State University named after Kosta Livanovich Khetagurov, Vladikavkaz. SPIN code: 2425-5838, Author ID: 1081292
Gaisina D.A., Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor, De-partment of Modern Food Industry Technologies. Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University.
Gaisin E.M., Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, De-partment of Power Supply and Automation of Technological Processes. Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Bashkir State Agrarian University.
Gaisin S.E., Second-year full-time student. Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Ufa State Petroleum Technological University".
Galiullin M.Z., PhD in History, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Regional Studies and Digital Humanities, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan.
Getman D.I., Postgraduate student in the Department of Russian History. Leningrad State University named after A.S. Pushkin, St. Petersburg.
Grigorieva E.I., Doctor of Cultural Studies, Professor, Department of Cultural Management and Economics, Moscow State Institute of Culture. SPIN-code: 1800-5965
Grigoryev I.N., Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Lecturer, Department of Cultural Management and Economics, Moscow State Institute of Culture. SPIN-code: 4875-3810
Gubaydullin R.R., Postgraduate student. Kazan Volga Federal University, Kazan.
Ignatenko S.V., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of International Maritime Law. Saint Petersburg State Marine Technical University.
Ivanov K.S., Senior Lecturer, Department of Humanities and Teaching Methods, P.P. Ershov Ishim Pedagogical Institute (branch) of Tyumen State University.
Jin Weizhou, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University.
Kadyrov R.R., PhD in History, Associate Professor, Department of Regional Studies and Digital Humanities, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan.
Khronova I.A., PhD in History, Associate Professor, Department of History and Political Science, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin.
Kochkonyan G.G., Analyst, T-Bank.
Kosarev G.A., Full-time postgraduate student in the Faculty of History, Political Science, and Law at the State University of Education.
Kovalenko D.A., First-year student, majoring in Jurisprudence, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T., Krasnodar.
Kudryashov D.V., Postgraduate at the Department of "History of Russia", from the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Kulesh E.V., PhD in Psychology, Associate Professor at the Higher School of Psychology. Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Pacific National University", Khabarovsk.
Kuznetsov M.A., Assistant Professor, Department of Biological Geographical Influence, VlSU Pedagogical Institute
Kuznetsov M.S., Student. Faculty of Foreign Languages and Regional Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Kyuregina A.V., Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Foreign Languages, National Research University "Moscow Power Engineering Institute".
Lebedeva A.A., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Research Fellow, Department of Ethnography of Australia, Oceania, and Indonesia, Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) of the Russian Academy of Sciences. ORCID: 0000-0001-7768-2407
Levchenko S.E., Master's Degree, National Research Tomsk State University.
Lukashenko D.V., Doctor of Psychology, Associate Professor, Chief Researcher. Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia.
Marinin O.V., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor. Faculty of Foreign Languages and Regional Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Mirkin V.V., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor, Faculty of Historical and Political Sciences, Tomsk State University. National Research Tomsk State University.
Myuzhgan Vural, Postgraduate Student, State Academic University for the Humanities.
Nuriyev E.E., Postgraduate Student, Department of Methods of Teaching History and Social Science, State University of Education.
Panova A.A., Master's Degree in International Relations, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Rakitskaya M.V., Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Acting Head of the Department of Engineering Graphics, Baltic State Technical University "VOENMEH" named after D.F. Ustinov. SPIN-code: 7033-0113
Ryabova M.M., Senior Lecturer, Department of History and Humanities. State University of Humanities and Technology.
Savchenko A.A., Independent researcher. Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Sergienko L.M., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor. Department of History, Law and Social Sciences. Branch of the Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute in Essentuki.
Shamrina Yu.A., Fifth-year undergraduate student, Faculty of History, Russian State University for the Humanities.
Shavlokhova E.S., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Department of History and Political Science, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T., Krasnodar.
Shchuplenkov N.O., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History, Law and Social Sciences, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, branch in Essentuki.
Sossou Arnau, Postgraduate Student, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Stepanenko S.G., PhD in History, Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Kuban State Technological University.
Stepanov G.I., Third-year full-time postgraduate student. Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Bashkir State Agrarian University.
Stoforandova N.V., First-year student, majoring in Jurisprudence, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T., Krasnodar.
Stolbovsky N.S., First-year student, majoring in Jurisprudence, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T., Krasnodar.
Tereshkovets M.A., Master's student, Institute of International Relations, History, and Oriental Studies (Higher School of International Relations and World History), Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan.
Tikhonov-Bugrov D.E., Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Engineering Graphics, Baltic State Technical University "VOENMEH" named after D.F. Ustinov. SPIN-code: 2108-1541
Tkachenko I.S., PhD in History, Associate Professor, Department of General Education, Far Eastern Branch of the V.M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Khabarovsk. ORCID: 0009-0000-6878-3097
Tran Thanh Viet, Candidate of Sciences in Philology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi.
Vinogradova N.V., Candidate of Philosophy, Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy, History, and Social Engineering. Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University.
Vlasov I.A., Postgraduate student of the Department of National History of Leningrad State University named after A.S. Pushkin.
Vlasyuk I.V., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, and Social Work, Volgograd State University.
Zaitseva V.A., First-year student, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin.
Zimakov I.P., Postgraduate student, Department of Russian History, State University of Education. Lecturer, Moscow State Budgetary Professional Educational Institution "College of Architecture, Design, and Reengineering № 26".
Zinchenko A.V., Postgraduate student. Moscow City Pedagogical University. ORCID: 0009-0003-4659-481X
Zubkova E.N., Lecturer, Department of Cultural Management and Economics, Moscow State Institute of Culture. SPIN-code: 4597-5971